DR. AJAY KUMAR PATHAK
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
READ ALL THE NOTES CHAPTER WISE OF SUBJECT : MJ–14 (Th): CLOUD COMPUTING
FOR B. Sc. IT SEM 6 F.Y.U.G.P.
Copyright © by Dr. Ajay kumar pathak
B. Sc. IT. SEMESTER 6 NOTES BASED ON NEP
SUBJECT : MJ–14 (Th): CLOUD COMPUTING
(To be selected by the students from)
Course Learning and Outcomes:- Know about the logics and algorithms needed for computer programming
NOTES OF UNIT 1 OF CLOUD COMPUTING
OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this course is
to provide graduate students with the comprehensive and in-depth knowledge of
Cloud Computing concepts, technologies, architecture and applications by
introducing and researching state-of-the-art in Cloud Computing fundamental
issues, technologies, applications and implementations.
Learning Outcome:-
·
After completion
of this course, a student will be able to–
·
Understand the
key dimensions of the challenges and benefits of Cloud Computing.
·
Describe the
principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing and evolution of cloud computing
from existing technologies
·
Implement
different types of Virtualization technologies and Service Oriented
Architecture systems.
·
Choose among various
cloud technologies for implementing applications.
·
Install and use
current cloud technologies.
Semester Examination and
Distribution of Marks
End Semester Examination
(ESE) : 75 Marks
UNIT- 1 :- INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD
COMPUTING
-: NOTES READ FROM HERE :-
Sabse pehle clear baat :- Cloud
Computing ka matlab “badal (cloud)” me data store karna nahi hota. , Data
hamesha real physical computers (servers) me hi store hota hai., “Cloud” sirf ek naam (metaphor) hai, asli badal
nahi hai☁,
Phir “Cloud” word kyun use hota hai?:- Purane time me jab internet ka
diagram banaya jata tha, to network ko badal
ke symbol se dikhate the. , Isliye jo cheez internet ke through access hoti hai,
usko log cloud bolne
lage.
Kisi aur company ke powerful computers (servers) me store
hote hain, jo data centers me lage hote hain.:-
Data center kya hota hai?:- Data center means Ek bahut
bada building / room, Jisme hazaron
powerful computers (servers) lage hote hain, 24×7 electricity, AC (cooling system), Security guards
Example:- Google, Amazon, Microsoft ke data centers India, USA, Europe sab jagah hain.
Simple example se samjho:- Pehle ka zamana:- Photo = apne mobile / computer
me, Mobile kharab = photo gayab
Cloud computing ke baad:- Photo = Google Drive me upload, Mobile kharab =
photo safe , New mobile lo → login karo → photo mil jata hai, Photo badal me nahi, Google
ke server computer me rakha hota hai.
WhatsApp / Gmail ka example:- Jab aap WhatsApp me message bhejte ho:-
Message aapke phone se nikalta hai, Internet ke through, WhatsApp ke server
(computer) par jata hai, Wahan se dusre bande ke phone tak pahunchta hai ,
Beech me koi badal nahi , Sirf internet + server computers
Cloud Computing ki simple definition (exam ke liye):-
Cloud Computing ek aisi technology hai
jisme data, software aur services ko internet ke madhyam se remote servers par
store aur access kiya jata hai, bina apne computer par store kiye.
To final clear answer:- Data badal
me store nahi hota, Data real
computers (servers) me store hota hai, Ye servers internet ke through access hote hain,
☁ “Cloud” sirf ek symbolic naam hai
INTRODUCTION :-
Cloud computing is the
on-demand availability of computing resources (such as storage and
infrastructure), as services over the internet. It eliminates the need for
individuals and businesses to self-manage physical resources themselves, and
only pay for what they use.
OR
Cloud Computing is a technology
that allows you to store and access data and applications over the internet instead
of using your computer’s hard drive or a local server.
It is a technology that allows
you to use data and applications over the internet, moving beyond the
limitations of a local computer's hard drive or a private server. But to truly
understand its impact, we must first look at the problems it solved.
Cloud computing is the
on-demand delivery of IT resources over the Internet with pay-as-you-go
pricing. Instead of buying, owning, and maintaining physical data centers and
servers, you can access technology services, such as computing power, storage,
and databases, on an as-needed basis from a cloud provider like Amazon Web
Services (AWS).
SEE THE BELOW OF CLOUD
COMPUTING
ANOTHER FIGURE
ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING:-
(1) Cost Savings:- If you are worried about the price tag that would come
with making the switch to cloud computing, you aren't alone 20% of
organisations are concerned about the initial cost of implementing a
cloud-based server.
(2) Security:- Many organisations have security concerns when it
comes to adopting a cloud-computing solution. After all, when files, programs,
and other data aren't kept securely onsite, how can you know that they are
being protected? If you can remotely access your data, then what's stopping a cybercriminal
from doing the same thing?.
(3) Flexibility:- Your business has only a finite amount of focus to
divide between all of its responsibilities. If your current IT solutions are
forcing you to commit too much of your attention to computer and data-storage
issues, then you aren't going to be able to concentrate on reaching business
goals and satisfying customers.
The cloud offers businesses
more flexibility overall versus hosting on a local server. And, if you need
extra bandwidth, a cloud-based service can meet that demand instantly, rather
than undergoing a complex (and expensive) update to your IT infrastructure.
(4) Quality Control:- In a cloud-based system, all documents are stored in
one place and in a single format. With everyone accessing the same information,
you can maintain consistency in data, avoid human error, and have a clear
record of any revisions or updates. Conversely, managing information in silos
can lead to employees accidentally saving different versions of documents,
which leads to confusion and diluted data.
(5) Automatic Software Updates:- For those who have a lot to get done, there isn't
anything more irritating than having to wait for system updates to be
installed. Cloud-based applications automatically refresh and update
themselves, instead of forcing an IT department to perform a manual
organisation-wide update.
(6) Data loss prevention:- Cloud providers offer backup and disaster recovery
features. Storing data in the cloud rather than locally can help prevent data
loss in the event of an emergency, such as hardware malfunction, malicious
threats, or even simple user error.
(7) Faster time to market:- You can spin up new instances or retire them in
seconds, allowing developers to accelerate development with quick deployments.
Cloud computing supports new innovations by making it easy to test new ideas
and design new applications without hardware limitations or slow procurement
processes.
Disadvantages of
cloud computing:-
i.
Risk of vendor
lock-in
ii. Less control over underlying cloud infrastructure
iii. Concerns about security risks like data privacy and
online threats
iv. Integration complexity with existing systems
v. Unforeseen costs and unexpected expenses
USE CASES /
APPLICATIONS / USAGE SCENARIOS OF CLOUD COMPUTING:-
(1) Storage:- This might be the most common use case for cloud computing. Today,
replacing local hard drives with cloud-based storage is quickly becoming the
new standard in IT solutions. Cloud storage is great for storing large amounts
of data as it provides virtually unlimited storage.
(2) Test and Development:- In the cloud, you can switch environments on and off.
Unlike traditional servers, the cloud lets you create, deploy, and terminate
environments anytime you want. You don’t have to wait for a long time for a new
environment to be provisioned. With just a few clicks, you could quickly set up
a staging (action) environment where you can experiment your project’s proof of
concept. The time to market for your products will be significantly reduced,
increasing your business revenue growth.
(3) High Performing Applications :- High-performing applications are critical to every
business, especially now that we are entering the front door of 5G. Speed
matters more than ever. Your business is not going to survive in a fast-paced
environment if you have a slow-performing application. With the cloud’s help,
even a small business can compete with large organizations in terms of system
performance.
(4) Software Development and Testing:- Cloud environments allow developers to quickly set up
test environments, collaborate remotely, and deploy updates efficiently.
Example: A software firm uses
cloud-based development tools to streamline
(5) Internet of Things (IoT):- Cloud platforms support IoT device connectivity, data
collection, and real-time processing for smart applications.
Example: A logistics company
tracks fleet vehicles and monitors cargo conditions via cloud-connected IoT
sensors.
(6) Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine
Learning (ML):- Cloud services provide
pre-built AI/ML frameworks and high-performance computing resources for model
training and deployment.
Example: A healthcare provider
trains a diagnostic AI model on the cloud using medical imaging data.
(7) Big Data Analytics:- Cloud computing offers powerful tools for processing
and analyzing massive datasets in real time or batch mode.
Example: A financial
institution uses cloud-based analytics to detect fraud patterns by processing
transaction data in real time.
(8) Data backup and disaster recovery:- Backing up data can be a pain. Cloud providers back up
many resources by default, and you can add additional backup services
relatively easily. You can choose a backup strategy for various services and
keep those backups in various places in your region, continent, or even in
locations around the world.
For example, you can store
critical files on three servers in each of three data centers located on three
different continents, giving you 3 x 3 x 3 backups, or 27 copies of the same
file. Restoring a backup might be as easy as picking which backup to restore
and clicking a button.
(7) Anti-Virus Applications :- Nowadays cloud computing provides cloud antivirus
software which means the software is stored in the cloud and monitors your
system/organization's system remotely. This antivirus software identifies the
security risks and fixes them. Sometimes also they give a feature to download
the software.
(8) E-commerce Application :- Cloud-based e-commerce allows responding quickly to
the opportunities which are emerging. Users respond quickly to the market
opportunities as well as the traditional e-commerce responds to the challenges
quickly. Cloud-based e-commerce gives a new approach to doing business with the
minimum amount as well as minimum time possible. Customer data, product data,
and other operational systems are managed in cloud environments.
(9) Cloud computing in education :- Cloud computing in the education sector brings an
unbelievable change in learning by providing e-learning, online distance
learning platforms, and student information portals to the students. It is a
new trend in education that provides an attractive environment for learning,
teaching, experimenting, etc to students, faculty members, and researchers.
Everyone associated with the field can connect to the cloud of their
organization and access data and information from there.
(10) Entertainment Applications :- Many people get entertainment from the internet, in
that case, cloud computing is the perfect place for reaching to a varied
consumer base. Therefore different types of entertainment industries reach near
the target audience by adopting a multi-cloud strategy. Cloud-based
entertainment provides various entertainment applications such as online
music/video, online games and video conferencing, streaming services, etc and
it can reach any device be it TV, mobile, set-top box, or any other form. It is
a new form of entertainment called On-Demand Entertainment (ODE).
HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTING:-
Cloud computing has evolved (grown)
from the most emerged technologies like grid (netwok , net, web etc.) computing, virtualization, utility computing
in distributed computation environment with web based platforms.
Before Computing was come into
existence, client Server Architecture was used where all the data and control
of client resides in Server side. If a single user want to access some data,
firstly user need to connect to the server and after that user will get
appropriate access. But it has many disadvantages. So, After Client Server
computing, Distributed Computing was come into existence, in this type of
computing all computers are networked together with the help of this, user can
share their resources when needed. It also has certain limitations. So in order
to remove limitations faced in distributed system, cloud computing was emerged.
During 1961, John MacCharty
delivered his speech at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology ) that
“Computing Can be sold as a Utility, like Water and Electricity.” According to
John MacCharty it was a brilliant idea. But people at that time don't want to
adopt this technology. They thought the technology they are using efficient
enough for them. So, this concept of computing
was not appreciated much so and very less will research on it. But as the time
fleet the technology caught the idea after few years this idea is implemented.
So, this is implemented by Salesforce.com in 1999.
This company started delivering
an enterprise application over the internet and this way the boom of Cloud
Computing was started.
The timeline for cloud
computing from its birth is as follows:
·
1960s: The
concept of time-sharing is developed, allowing multiple users to access a
single computer simultaneously.
·
1997: The term
"cloud computing" is first used by Ramnath Chellappa in a paper on
the economics of computing.
·
1999:
Salesforce.com becomes one of the first companies to offer software as a
service (SaaS) over the internet.
·
2002: Amazon Web
Services (AWS) is launched, offering cloud-based storage and computing
services.
·
2006: Amazon
launches Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), allowing users to rent virtual computers
on which to run their own applications.
·
2008: Google
launches Google App Engine, a platform for developing and hosting web
applications in Google-managed data centers.
·
2009: Microsoft
launches Azure, its cloud computing platform.
·
2010: Apple
launches iCloud, a cloud storage and synchronization service for its devices.
·
2011: IBM launches
SmartCloud, its cloud computing platform.
·
2012: Dropbox
reaches 100 million users, becoming one of the most popular cloud storage
services.
·
2013: Edward
Snowden leaks information about the National Security Agency's (NSA)
surveillance programs, raising concerns about the security and privacy of cloud
computing.
·
2014: Microsoft
CEO Satya Nadella announces a "mobile-first, cloud-first" strategy
for the company.
·
2015: Amazon Web
Services generates $7.88 billion in revenue, making it the largest cloud computing
provider.
·
2016: Google
launches Google Cloud Platform, a suite of cloud computing services.
·
2017: Cloud
computing becomes a $260 billion industry, according to Synergy Research Group.
·
2018: Microsoft
acquires GitHub, a popular platform for software development collaboration, for
$7.5 billion.
·
2019: Amazon Web
Services announces plans to invest $5 billion in a new headquarters in Northern
Virginia, highlighting the growing importance of cloud computing in the tech
industry.
·
2020: The
COVID-19 pandemic accelerates the shift to cloud-based services as more people
work and learn from home.
ARCHITECTURE OF CLOUD
COMPUTING:-
Cloud computing architecture
refers to the structure showcased by cloud computing systems. It relates to how
the multiple components of cloud computing work with one another and provide
certain services. It usually has multiple components like network
infrastructures, management tools, cloud providers, etc.
Its architecture is an
amalgamation of EDA (event-driven architecture) and SOA (service-oriented
architecture). It is divided into two parts, frontend and backend.
Cloud computing architecture components
are SIX essential components to create an IT environment that abstracts, pools
and shares scalable resources across one or more cloud environment
(1) A front-end:- Frontend in cloud computing pertains to the client
infrastructure. This includes client-side applications, client network or
device, and user interfaces. All these aspects enable the user to access and
interact with the cloud computing services. These three are also the frontend
cloud architecture components.
(2) A back-end:- Backend, on the other hand, is about the cloud
architecture components that lead to the cloud itself. There are various
components in the backend of the cloud. Understanding all these components is
imperative to having a successful career in this field. Its key components are
application, runtime cloud, management, service, storage, security and
infrastructure.
(3) Storage:- Virtual place to manage and safekeep data.
(4) Management:- Elements that help take care of the application,
service, runtime, storage, infrastructure, and other security mechanisms.
(5) Security:- Practice and tools to employ diverse security
mechanisms to keep cloud resources, systems, and files, safe for end users.
(6) Network:- Internet connection that acts as a bridge between the front-end and the
back-end, allowing them to talk and interact with each other.
TYPES OF CLOUD
COMPUTING DEPLOYMENT MODELS / VARIATIONS OF CLOUD ARCHITECTURE :-
There are four main cloud
delivery models, each offering unique features for running workloads and
optimizing business value.
(1) Public cloud :- A public cloud is a computing model where a cloud
service provider makes computing resources (such as, software applications,
development platforms, VMs, bare metal servers, and more) available to users
over the public internet. CSPs sell these resources according to
subscription-based or pay-per-usage pricing models.
Public cloud architecture influences
cloud computing resources and physical infrastructure provided by a third-party
cloud service provider. By utilising public clouds, you can effortlessly scale
resources without needing personal hardware or software investments. However,
it’s important to note that public clouds operate on multi-tenant
architectures, serving multiple customers concurrently.
Public
cloud advantages
(i) Cost savings – The shared resources approach in a
public cloud reduces costs per tenant.
(ii) Ease of deployment – Using public cloud services often
requires minimal setup and configuration for many organizations.
(iii) Flexibility –
Public cloud resources can be repurposed for various use cases, including for
IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS applications.
(iv) High
scalability – Public clouds must always have extra capacity to
accommodate unanticipated demand spikes among their many customers. For
example, tenants can easily add more computing capacity to handle peak loads
during specific times or expand their service offerings to cater to a specific
season.
(v) Availability –
The majority of cloud providers support public cloud services.
(vi) Managed
services – In addition to managing the underlying infrastructure,
cloud service providers also offer additional services. For instance, they
offer analytics services to help tenants to better understand their own usage,
identify new opportunities, and optimize operational performance.
Public cloud disadvantages:-
(i) Data security – In a public cloud,
a third-party (the CSP) controls the data, software, and hardware supporting
the customer’s workload. For fear of exposure, many organizations prefer not to
have their data pass through another company’s systems like this.
(ii) Latency –
With many customers and varying workloads, public clouds can experience
slowdowns during peak times.
(iii) Reduced
control – Unlike private clouds, public clouds are largely managed
by the CSP, which means that customers have less control over VM
configurations, security patches, and updates.
(2) Private cloud :- Private cloud architecture offers an exclusive cloud
environment owned and operated by an organisation. It is hosted privately
within your own data centre, affording greater control over resources and
increasing security for data and infrastructure. However, private cloud
architecture can be more costly and demand higher IT expertise for maintenance
and management.
Private cloud combines many
benefits of cloud computing with the security and control of on-premises IT
infrastructure. For instance, companies that must meet strict regulatory
compliance requirements, such as healthcare or financial institutions, may
choose private clouds for their sensitive data using customized security
measures like firewalls, virtual private networks (VPNs), data encryption and
API keys.
Private
cloud advantages :-
Running workloads on a private cloud has several powerful
benefits, including:
(i) Compliance
requirements – Many organizations use the private cloud approach to meet
their regulatory compliance requirements for customer data.
(ii) Data protection – Organizations use the private cloud to
store confidential documents, such as business secrets, intellectual property,
medical records, personally identifiable information (PII), financial data, and
other sensitive data.
(iii) Hybrid approach – Some businesses combine public and
private clouds, say, to run daily operations in the more cost-effective public
cloud and back up their data in the private cloud to boost resilience.
(iv) More control over infrastructure configuration – A
private cloud enables the access control (security) and infrastructure
configuration of an on-premises system.
(v) Tighter security – Workloads run on a private network
and behind the organization’s firewall.
(vi) Managed private clouds – If you are understaffed or
inexperienced in infrastructure management, you can still have your CSP handle
most of the tasks.
Private
cloud disadvantages:- The following are some
limitations of using a private cloud:
(i) Expensive – You’ll need to invest in capable hardware,
software, and licenses to support a robust private cloud, especially when you
want it running in your data center. Today, opting for managed private clouds
can alleviate this burden.
(ii) More control; more maintenance work – You’ll require
more and experienced cloud engineers to manage your private cloud environment.
(3) Hybrid Cloud Architecture :- Hybrid cloud architecture seamlessly integrates
private and public cloud environments to provide versatile cloud services. By
utilising a hybrid cloud, businesses can migrate workloads between
environments. It ensures optimal utilisation of services that align with their
specific business needs and workload requirements. This architecture is
particularly advantageous for organisations seeking to retain data control
while simultaneously capitalising on the benefits offered by public cloud
offerings.
Here are more features of
a hybrid cloud:-
(i) It can
comprise of at least one public cloud and one private cloud, two or more public
clouds, two or more private clouds, or an on-premises environment (virtual or
physical) that’s connected to one or more private or public clouds.
(ii) Applications move in and out of multiple separate clouds that
are interconnected.
(iii) One or more of the multiple separate clouds needs to be able
to scale computing resources on demand.
(iv) All the separate environments need to be managed as a single
IT environment.
Hybrid
cloud advantages :-Some benefits of a hybrid
cloud deployment include:
(i) Flexibility – Private clouds give you more
configuration control and data protection, while public clouds reduce the cost
of running some workloads.
(ii) Adaptability – You can also pick the most optimal cloud
for each workload or application. You’ll be able to move workloads freely
between your interconnected clouds as circumstances change.
(iii) Minimize vendor lock-in – By using multiple CSPs, you
reduce your dependence on a single provider, enabling you to choose which
services to use more often and from which provider.
(iv) Tap innovation – Get access to innovative products,
services, and technologies from different cloud providers at the same time.
(v) Improve system resilience – By using separate systems
from different cloud providers, you can switch to another cloud if one fails.
Hybrid
cloud disadvantages:- Some limitations of using a
hybrid cloud include:
(i) Complexity – Integrating, orchestrating, and scaling
the interconnected clouds in a hybrid cloud environment can be overwhelming
both in the beginning and as your applications grow. Afterall, each cloud
differs in terms of management methods, data transmission capabilities, and
security protocols.
(ii) Cost visibility challenges – It can be tough to have
full visibility of individual cost drivers in a hybrid cloud environment than
from a public or private cloud alone.
(iii) Demands continuous management – A greater amount of
effort is required to ensure that risks or vulnerabilities appearing in one
cloud do not spread to other clouds, applications, and data.
(4) Multicloud Architecture :- Another cloud architecture that is not considered
among the primary types is multi-cloud architecture. It is emerging as a
flexible option that helps match more use cases as it puts forward specific
offerings, irrespective of vendor.
A multicloud is a cloud
computing model that incorporates multiple cloud services from more than one
provider within the same IT infrastructure. Together, hybrid and multicloud
models create a hybrid multicloud architecture that offers businesses the
flexibility to create the best of both cloud computing worlds for migrating,
building and optimizing applications across multiple clouds.
Advantages of using Multi-Cloud:The following are the advantages of using
multi-cloud:
(i) Flexibility:- Using multiple cloud providers allows
organizations to choose the best-suited services for their specific needs, and
avoid vendor lock-in.
(ii) Cost-effectiveness:-
Organizations can take advantage of the cost savings and pricing
benefits offered by different cloud providers for different services.
(iii) Improved
performance:- By distributing workloads across multiple cloud providers,
organizations can improve the performance and availability of their
applications and services.
(iv) Increased
security:- Organizations can increase the security of their data
and applications by spreading them across multiple cloud providers and
implementing different security strategies for each.
Disadvantages of using Multi-Cloud:- The
following are the disadvantages of using Multi-Cloud:
(i) Complexity:- Managing multiple cloud providers and
services can be complex and require specialized knowledge and expertise.
(ii) Increased costs:- The cost of managing multiple cloud
providers and services can be higher than using a single provider.
(iii) Compatibility
issues:- Different cloud providers may use different technologies and
standards, which can cause compatibility issues and require additional
resources to resolve.
(iv) Limited interoperability: Different
cloud providers may not be able to interoperate seamlessly, which can limit the
ability to move data and applications between them.
PLAYERS / LEADERS IN
CLOUD COMPUTING:-
(1) Alibaba Cloud:- Alibaba Cloud, also known as Aliyun, is the cloud
computing arm of Alibaba Group, one of the world's largest e-commerce and
technology based in China. It offers a comprehensive suite of cloud computing
services to support businesses worldwide, including.
Offers a diverse and
comprehensive suite of cloud solutions, including:-
(i) Compute:- Elastic Compute Service (ECS) for virtual
machines, Serverless Computing, Container Services.
(ii) Storage:- Object Storage Service (OSS), File Storage Service,
Block Storage Service
(iii) Networking:- Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), Elastic Network
Interface (ENI), Global Accelerator.
(iv) Databases:- Alibaba
Cloud Database Service (RDS), NoSQL databases, Graph Database.
AI & ML: AI Platform,
pre-trained models, Big Data Analytics.
(v) Security & Identity:- Security Center, Anti-DDoS (Anti-Distributed
Denial of Service), Key Management Service.
(vi) Developer Tools:- API Gateway, Serverless Application Model
(SAM), CodePipeline.
(2) Microsoft Azure:- Microsoft Azure was launched in 2010 as Windows Azure,
and later in 2014, it was renamed, Microsoft Azure. It was launched years after
the release of AWS (Amazon Web Services) and Google cloud but still, it is the
fastest-growing cloud and giving tough competition to AWS and other cloud
service providers. There is a five-year partnership between Microsoft and
Disney. In this partnership, the new method will be developed to move
production content to the cloud. Azure has 54 data centers regions across the
world available in 140 countries.
Offers :-
(i) Azure offers hundreds of services including AI +
Machine Learning, Analytics, Blockchain, Compute, Containers,
Databases, Developer Tools, DevOps, Identity, Integration, Internet of Things,
Management, Media, Microsoft Azure Stack, Migration, Mixed Reality, Mobile,
Networking, Security, Storage, Web, and Windows Virtual Desktop.
(ii) Microsoft Azure is available with public or private cloud
service or hybrid cloud service consists of both private and public.
(iii) Scalability, consistency, security, flexibility, and
cost-effectiveness.
(iv) Azure supports various operating systems, databases, tools,
programming languages and frameworks.
(v) 24/7 cooperative team paying attention to their customers. A
free trial version of Microsoft Azure is available for 30 days.
(3) Amazon Web Services (AWS):- Launched in 2006, AWS is the best cloud service provider
leading in the market. It becomes a major player in AI, database, machine
learning, 5G cloud, multi-cloud and serverless deployments. AWS operates in 20
geographical regions across the world.
Offers:-
(i) AWS offers 175 fully-featured services to meet any
kind of business requirements. These services are database storage, computing
power, networking and many more
(ii) You can virtually host any applications, including networks
like firewall, DNS (Domain Name System),
Load balancing, or even you can have your virtual private cloud.
(iii) AWS applications are scalable, flexible, reliable, secure and
trustworthy.
(iv) Easy sign-up and fast deployment. The best thing is there is
no upfront cost and you pay for what you use. It also offers a free tier for
some of their popular services.
(4) Oracle Cloud:- Oracle Cloud is an ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)
based cloud service that helps you to build, deploy, and manage workloads in
the cloud or on-premises. Oracle has approximately 4, 30, 000 huge numbers of
clients around the world.
Offers:-
(i) Oracle IaaS offerings are Compute, Storage, Networking,
Governance, Database, Load Balancing, DNS Monitoring, Ravello, and
FastConnect.IaaS help to run any kind of workload of an Enterprise.
(ii) Oracle PaaS offerings are Data Management, Application
Development, Integration, Business Analytics, Security, Management, and Content
and Enterprise. PaaS helps developers to develop, connect, secure and share
data across the applications.
(iii) The best thing about this cloud services provider is its chatbot option
which can help customers 24/7 whenever they face difficulties.
(iv) Data analytics by users that help decision-makers in planning
for the company’s financial condition.
(v) Secure and better visibility to unsanctioned apps and
protects against sophisticated cyber attacks.
(vi) Payment according to the usage.
(5) IBM Cloud (Kyndryl):- Developed by IBM, this cloud service offers another
set of solutions to the users to deploy their applications on the cloud. It
offers IaaS, SaaS, and PaaS services via public, private, hybrid and
multi-cloud models. IBM cloud offers approximately 170 products and services to
meet the customer's business demands. IBM’s best bets come in the form of the
Internet of Things, Cognitive Computing and Blockchain. Recently IBM has Red
Hat, for the delivery of hybrid solutions efficiently.
Offers:-
(i) Computer Network, Storage, Cloud Packs, Management,
Security, Database, Analytics, AI, IoT, Mobile, Dev Tools, Blockchain,
Integration, Migration, Private Cloud, and VMware are some services offered by
IBM cloud.
(ii) Freedom to select and unite the desired tools, data models
and delivery models in designing/creating the next-generation services or
applications.
(iii) Users can manage their applications in many coding languages
such as Java, Python, Swift, Php, etc.
(iii) IBM AI helps with its multifunctional ability such as text to
speech, detecting language, machine learning, classification of natural
language, etc.
(iv) Costs depends on the usage but free in its lite mode with free
access to more than 40 services by IBM Cloud.
(v) You can incorporate highly performing cloud
communications and services into your IT environment with the help
of IBM Bluemix Cloud platform.
(6) Tencent Cloud:- DigitalOcean is a well-known cloud hosting
provider that currently holds the fourth largest global market share in cloud
computing, following Alibaba Cloud, AWS, and Microsoft Azure. It Has a strong
presence in China and Southeast Asia, with growing international reach.
Offers:-
(i) Compute: Cloud Virtual Machines (CVM) for
traditional VMs, Serverless Functions (SCF) for serverless
computing, and Container Orchestration (TKE) for managing containerized
applications.
(ii) Storage: Cloud Object Storage (COS) for highly scalable
object storage, Cloud Block Storage (CBS) for high-performance block
storage, and Cloud File Storage (CFS) for network-attached storage.
(iii) Networking: Cloud Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) for
creating isolated virtual networks, Cloud Private Line (CPL) for dedicated
connections, and Global Transit Gateway (GTW) for managing complex network
environments.
(iv) Databases: Cloud Database Service (TDSQL) for
managed databases, various managed NoSQL databases, and Data
Aggregation Storage (DAS) for big data analytics.
(v) AI & ML: Tencent AI Platform provides tools for
building, training, and deploying AI models, and offers
pre-trained models for various tasks.
(vi) Security & Identity: Cloud Security (Tencent Cloud
Security) offers various security solutions, including Anti-DDoS
protection, Web Application Firewall (WAF), and Key Management
Service (KMS).
(vii) Developer Tools: API Gateway for managing
APIs, Serverless Application Model (SAM) for developing serverless
applications, and Cloud Code for integrated development and deployment.
(6) Kamatera:- It established over two decades ago, has evolved into
one of the most reliable and flexible cloud infrastructure platforms in the
industry. With a strong focus on scalability, Kamatera allows businesses to
configure their cloud environments based on real-time needs, making it a top
choice for startups and large enterprises alike. Unlike many other providers,
Kamatera's pricing is incredibly cost effective, allowing users to pay only for
the resources they use, with no hidden fees. The platform supports a wide array
of operating systems and software, giving users complete freedom to build and
deploy custom cloud solutions. In 2025, Kamatera is renowned for its global
data centers that ensure minimal latency and high availability across the
world.
Offers:-
(i) Allows users to adjust server configurations, CPU, RAM, and
storage in real-time.
(ii) Highly reliable with 99.95% up-time guaranteed.
(iii) Allows you to only pay for the resources you use, with no
upfront investment or hidden fees.
(iv) Lets you scale your cloud resources to match changing business
needs.
(v) 24/7 Technical Support is offered. A dedicated team
available round-the-clock for troubleshooting and assistance.
(vi) Kamatera operates in 24 cities across 4
continents and has recently expanded to Singapore, Tokyo, and Sydney.
(vii) Supports multiple operating systems, databases, and
applications for seamless cloud deployment.
(viii) Kamatera offers a 30-day free trial of up to $100.
ISSUES IN CLOUDS:-
(1) Higher Cost:- If you want to use cloud services uninterruptedly then
you need to have a powerful network with higher bandwidth than ordinary
internet networks, and also if your organization is broad and large so ordinary
cloud service subscription won't suit your organization. Otherwise, you might
face hassle in utilizing an ordinary cloud service while working on complex
projects and applications. This is a major problem before small organizations,
that restricts them from diving into cloud technology for their business.
(2) Lack of resources / skilled expertise:- One of the major issues that companies and
enterprises are going through today is the lack of resources and skilled
employees. Every second organization is seeming interested or has already been
moved to cloud services. That's why the workload in the cloud is increasing so
the cloud service hosting companies need continuous rapid advancement. Due to
these factors, organizations are having a tough time keeping up to date with
the tools. As new tools and technologies are emerging every day so more
skilled/trained employees need to grow. These challenges can only be minimized
through additional training of IT and development staff.
(3) Legal:- There are many changes in the landscape of computing. There are certain
legal issues arise with cloud computing like trademark infringement, security
concerns and sharing of propriety data resources.
(4) Security:- Cloud computing is a new technology used very widely therefore its
increased popularity raises various concerns about its security issues. The
security issues are classified into sensitive data access, data segregation,
accountability, malicious insiders, privacy, bug exploitation, recovery,
management console security, account control, and multi- tenancy issues. The wide
use of the cloud computing attracts more criminals to find new ways to exploit
vulnerabilities in the system. There are different risks and challenges in
cloud computing that increases the threat of compromising the data. To remove
these threat cloud computing stakeholders should invest heavily in the
assessment of the risk to ensure that the system encrypts to protect data
establishment of trusted foundation will secure the platform and
infrastructure; and builds higher assurance into auditing to strengthen
compliance. There are various concerns in security must be addressed to
establish trust in cloud computing technology.
(5) Recovery of lost data in contingency:- Before subscribing any cloud service provider goes
through all norms and documentations and check whether their services match
your requirements and sufficient well-maintained resource infrastructure with
proper up keeping. Once you subscribed to the service you almost hand over your
data into the hands of a third party. If you are able to choose proper cloud
service then in the future you don't need to worry about the recovery of lost
data in any contingency.
(6) Lack of specialized internal talent:- A recurring obstacle for many companies is not having
qualified talent to manage cloud computing. The learning curve can be steep if
teams do not understand how cloud computing solutions work, especially in
hybrid or multicloud environments.
(7) Unpredictable costs and uncontrolled
consumption:- One of the most frequent
challenges when adopting cloud computing is the lack of visibility into real
costs. Many companies migrate without a clear consumption strategy, generating
invoices that grow unexpectedly. When cloud computing characteristics are not
well understood, spending becomes a maze that is difficult to anticipate.
(8) Unauthorized Access:- Cloud systems live outside traditional network
perimeters, which makes them more accessible and exposed. Weak password hygiene
etc.
(9) Data Loss and Leakage:- Teams build cloud environments for easy access and
collaboration, but that convenience can unintentionally expose sensitive data.
Users may share data through public links, store it without encryption, or
leave it exposed due to weak policies.
THE END UNIT 1 OF
CLOUD COMPUTING INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING
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